Unemployment
السلام عليكم ورحمة الله
اولا احب اقدم مشاركتى فى مسابقة افضل تقرير باللغة الانجليزية
اللى عملها اية ونيمو
وتقريرى هيكون عن
البطالة
UNEMPLOYMENT
واول جزء من الموضوع
هيكون بعض المصطلحات اللى ممكن تكون صعبة شوية
حبيت اقدمها باللغة العربية
عشان تقريرى يكون مفهوم
وسهل للكل
اولا احب اقدم مشاركتى فى مسابقة افضل تقرير باللغة الانجليزية
اللى عملها اية ونيمو
وتقريرى هيكون عن
البطالة
UNEMPLOYMENT
واول جزء من الموضوع
هيكون بعض المصطلحات اللى ممكن تكون صعبة شوية
حبيت اقدمها باللغة العربية
عشان تقريرى يكون مفهوم
وسهل للكل
المصطلحات nomenclature
unemployment rate معدل البطالة
labor force الايدى العاملة
economic studies الدراسات الاقتصادية
indices الارقام القياسية
Leading Indicators المؤشرات
Board’s Index المجلس الشامل
macroeconomics الاقتصاد الكلى
effective demand الطلب الفعلى
structural unemployment البطالة الهيكلية
neoclassical economics علم الاقتصاد الكلاسيكي الجديد
Globalisation العولمة
unemployment rate معدل البطالة
labor force الايدى العاملة
economic studies الدراسات الاقتصادية
indices الارقام القياسية
Leading Indicators المؤشرات
Board’s Index المجلس الشامل
macroeconomics الاقتصاد الكلى
effective demand الطلب الفعلى
structural unemployment البطالة الهيكلية
neoclassical economics علم الاقتصاد الكلاسيكي الجديد
Globalisation العولمة
Unemployment
البطالة
البطالة
CIA figures for the latest world unemployment rates
أرقام لمعدلات البطالة في العالم فى الاونة الاخيرة
Unemployment rate as a percentage of the labor force in the United States
according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
معدل البطالة كنسبة مئوية من القوة العاملة في الولايات المتحدة ، وفقا لالمكتب الامريكي لاحصاءات العمل
occurs when a person is available to work and seeking work but currently without work
The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate
which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed
The unemployment rate is also used in economic studies and economic indices such as the United States‘ Conference Board’sIndex of Leading Indicators as a measure of the state of the macroeconomics
Most economic schools of thought agree that the cause of involuntary unemployment is that wages are above the market clearing rate
However, there are disagreements as to why this would be the case: the economists argue that in a downturn, wages stay high because they are naturally ‘sticky’, whilst others argue that minimum wages and union activity keep them high. Keynesian economics emphasizes unemployment resulting from insufficient effective demand for goods and services in the economy (cyclical unemployment)
Others point to structural problems, inefficiencies, inherent in labour markets (structural unemployment)
Classical or neoclassical economics tends to reject these explanations, and focuses more on rigidities imposed on the labor market from the outside, such as minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations that may discourage the hiring of workers (classical unemployment)
Yet others see unemployment as largely due to voluntary choices by the unemployed (frictional unemployment) Alternatively, some blame unemployment on Globalisation There is also disagreement on how exactly to measure unemployment
Different countries experience different levels of unemployment; traditionally, the USA experiences lower unemployment levels than countries in the European Union, although there is variant there, with countries like the UK and Denmark outperforming Italy and France and it also changes over time (e.g. the Great depression) throughout economic cycles
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Involuntary unemployment
البطالة اللاارادية
The prevalence of unemployment is usually measured using the unemployment rate
which is defined as the percentage of those in the labor force who are unemployed
The unemployment rate is also used in economic studies and economic indices such as the United States‘ Conference Board’sIndex of Leading Indicators as a measure of the state of the macroeconomics
Most economic schools of thought agree that the cause of involuntary unemployment is that wages are above the market clearing rate
However, there are disagreements as to why this would be the case: the economists argue that in a downturn, wages stay high because they are naturally ‘sticky’, whilst others argue that minimum wages and union activity keep them high. Keynesian economics emphasizes unemployment resulting from insufficient effective demand for goods and services in the economy (cyclical unemployment)
Others point to structural problems, inefficiencies, inherent in labour markets (structural unemployment)
Classical or neoclassical economics tends to reject these explanations, and focuses more on rigidities imposed on the labor market from the outside, such as minimum wage laws, taxes, and other regulations that may discourage the hiring of workers (classical unemployment)
Yet others see unemployment as largely due to voluntary choices by the unemployed (frictional unemployment) Alternatively, some blame unemployment on Globalisation There is also disagreement on how exactly to measure unemployment
Different countries experience different levels of unemployment; traditionally, the USA experiences lower unemployment levels than countries in the European Union, although there is variant there, with countries like the UK and Denmark outperforming Italy and France and it also changes over time (e.g. the Great depression) throughout economic cycles
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Involuntary unemployment
البطالة اللاارادية
Say’s law declares that, in time, "markets clear" in an unfettered, unregulated laissez-faire economy: every seller will find a buyer at some strike price, and every buyer will find a seller at some strike price
Sellers and buyers may refuse the strike price but this personal decision is voluntary, which causes the selling or buying to leave the economic model
This theory relies heavily on the absence of government regulation and assumes a developed economy without sabotage where labor strikes, as opposed to strike (mutually agreed upon) prices, are illegal Keynes tried to demonstrate in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that Say’s law did not work in the real world of the 1930s Depression because of oversaving and private investor timidity, and that in consequence people could be thrown out of work involuntarily without being able to find acceptable new jobs
This conflict of the neoclassical and Keynesian theories has had strong influence on government policy
The tendency for government is to curtail and eliminate unemployment through increases in benefits and government jobs, and to encourage the job-seeker to both consider new careers and relocation to another city.
Involuntary unemployment does not exist in agrarian societies nor is it formally recognized to exist in underdeveloped but urban societies such as the mega-cities of Africa and of India/Pakistan, given that, in such societies, the suddenly unemployed person must meet his survival needs, by getting a new job quickly at any strike price, entrepreneurship, or joining the invisible economy of the
hustler
From the narrative standpoint, involuntary unemployment is discussed in the stories by Ehrenreich, the narrative sociology of Bourdieu, and novels of social suffering such as John Steinbeck‘s Of Mice and Men
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Sellers and buyers may refuse the strike price but this personal decision is voluntary, which causes the selling or buying to leave the economic model
This theory relies heavily on the absence of government regulation and assumes a developed economy without sabotage where labor strikes, as opposed to strike (mutually agreed upon) prices, are illegal Keynes tried to demonstrate in The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money that Say’s law did not work in the real world of the 1930s Depression because of oversaving and private investor timidity, and that in consequence people could be thrown out of work involuntarily without being able to find acceptable new jobs
This conflict of the neoclassical and Keynesian theories has had strong influence on government policy
The tendency for government is to curtail and eliminate unemployment through increases in benefits and government jobs, and to encourage the job-seeker to both consider new careers and relocation to another city.
Involuntary unemployment does not exist in agrarian societies nor is it formally recognized to exist in underdeveloped but urban societies such as the mega-cities of Africa and of India/Pakistan, given that, in such societies, the suddenly unemployed person must meet his survival needs, by getting a new job quickly at any strike price, entrepreneurship, or joining the invisible economy of the
hustler
From the narrative standpoint, involuntary unemployment is discussed in the stories by Ehrenreich, the narrative sociology of Bourdieu, and novels of social suffering such as John Steinbeck‘s Of Mice and Men
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المصطلحات nomenclature
Natural rate of unemployment______معدل البطالة الطبيعى
Natural rate of unemployment______معدل البطالة الطبيعى
Solutions
الحلول
الحلول
Societies try a number of different measures to get as many people as possible into work. However, attempts to reduce the level of unemployment beyond the Natural rate of unemployment generally fail, resulting only in less output and more inflation
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Demand side
جانب المطالبة
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Demand side
جانب المطالبة
According to classical economic theory, markets reach equilibrium where supply equals demand; everyone who wants to sell at the market price can. Those who do not want to sell at this price do not; in the labour market this is classical unemployment. Increases in the demand for labour will move the economy along the demand curve, increasing wages and employment. The demand for labour in an economy is derived from the demand for goods and services. As such, if the demand for goods and services in the economy increases, the demand for labour will increase, increasing employment and wages. Monetary policy and fiscal policy can both be used to increase short-term growth in the economy, increasing the demand for labour and decreasing unemployment
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Supply side
جانب العرض
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Supply side
جانب العرض
However, the labour market is not efficient: it doesn’t clear. Minimum wages and union activity keep wages from falling, which means too many people want to sell their labour at the going price but cannot. Supply-sidepolicies can solve this by making the labour market more flexible. These include removing the minimum wage and reducing the power of unions. Other supply side policies include education to make workers more attractive to employers.
Supply side reforms also increase long-term growth. This increased supply of goods and services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued that supply side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs and reduce unemployment.
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Types of unemployment
انواع البطالة
Supply side reforms also increase long-term growth. This increased supply of goods and services requires more workers, increasing employment. It is argued that supply side policies, which include cutting taxes on businesses and reducing regulation, create jobs and reduce unemployment.
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Types of unemployment
انواع البطالة
Though there have been several definitions of voluntary and involuntary unemployment in the economics literature, a simple distinction is often applied. Voluntary unemployment is attributed to the individual’s decisions, whereas involuntary unemployment exists because of the socio-economic environment (including the market structure, government intervention, and the level of aggregate demand) in which individuals operate. In these terms, much or most of frictional unemployment is voluntary, since it reflects individual search behavior. On the other hand, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, and classical unemployment, are largely involuntary in nature. However, the existence of structural unemployment may reflect choices made by the unemployed in the past, while classical unemployment may result from the legislative and economic choices made by labor unions and/or political parties. So in practice, the distinction between voluntary and involuntary unemployment is hard to draw. The clearest cases of involuntary unemployment are those where there are fewer job vacancies than unemployed workers even when wages are allowed to adjust, so that even if all vacancies were to be filled, there would be unemployed workers. This is the case of cyclical unemployment, for which macroeconomic forces lead to microeconomic unemployment
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Frictional
unemployment
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Frictional
unemployment
Frictional unemployment occurs when a worker moves from one job to another. While he searches for a job he is experiencing frictional unemployment. This applies for fresh graduates looking for employment as well. This is a productive part of the economy, increasing both the worker’s long term welfare and economic efficiency, and is also a type of voluntary unemployment. It is a result of imperfect information in the labor market, because if job seekers knew that they would be employed for a particular job vacancy, almost no time would be lost in getting a new job, eliminating this form of unemployment.
Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases or deceases in unemployment are normally under represented in the simple statistics
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Frictional unemployment is always present in an economy, so the level of involuntary unemployment is properly the unemployment rate minus the rate of frictional unemployment, which means that increases or deceases in unemployment are normally under represented in the simple statistics
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Classical
unemployment
unemployment
Classical or real-wage unemployment occurs when real wages for a job are set above the market-clearing level. Libertarian economists like F.A. Hayek argued that unemployment increases the more the government intervenes into the economy to try to improve the conditions of those with jobs. For example, minimum wages raise the cost of labourers with few skills to above the market equilibrium, resulting in people who wish to work at the going rate but cannot as wage enforced is greater than their value as workers becoming unemployed.
They believed that laws restricting layoffs made businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky, leaving many young people unemployed and unable to find workSome, such as Murray Rothbard suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level
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Benefits
الفوائد
They believed that laws restricting layoffs made businesses less likely to hire in the first place, as hiring becomes more risky, leaving many young people unemployed and unable to find workSome, such as Murray Rothbard suggest that even social taboos can prevent wages from falling to the market clearing level
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Benefits
الفوائد
Unemployment may have advantages as well as disadvantages for the overall economy
Notably, it may help avert runaway inflation, which negatively affects almost everyone in the affected economy and has serious long-term economic costs
However the historic assumption that full local employment must lead directly to local inflation has been attenuated, as recently expanded international trade has shown itself able to continue to supply low-priced goods even as local employment rates rise closer to full employment
The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a presumed optimum level of unemployment has been studied extensively. Before current levels of world trade were developed, unemployment was demonstrated to reduce inflation, following the Phillips curve, or to decelerate inflation, following the NAIRU/natural rate of unemployment theory.
since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing one’s current one. And when more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower unemployment), it may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents, and needs.
As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, special interests may also benefit: some employers may expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hard, or will demand increased wages and benefit. According to this theory, unemployment may promote general labor productivity and profitability by increasing employers’ monopsony-like power (and profits).
Optimal unemployment has also been defended as an environmental tool to brake the constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels sustainable in the context of resource constraints and environmental impacts. However the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a blunt instrument for conserving resources and the environment—it reduces the consumption of the unemployed across the board, and only in the short-term. Full employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption might provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced resource consumption If so the future economy and workforce would benefit from the resultant structural increases in the sustainable level of GDP growth.
Some critics of the "culture of work" such as anarchist BobBlack see employment as overemphasized culturally in modern countries. Such critics often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less, reassessing the cost of living to this end, creation of jobs which are "fun" as opposed to "work," and creating cultural norms where work is seen as unhealthy. These people advocate an "anti-work" ethic for life
From a spiritual perspective Dr. Jennifer Howard believes there are may be benefits from unemployment. "The good news is that after the initial fear, we might find that the job loss is an opportunity for growing into something better suited for us and in turn help us feel more successful in our life. The important thing is to be kind to ourselves by eating and sleeping well, exercising, journaling and taking time to go inside ourselves to reflect on our various highly charged thoughts and feelings. Now that we have been given some time, we could take advantage of looking more closely at what is important to us. Remember, any difficulty can be taken as an opportunity for great healing. Part of being happy, productive and mature is by learning to take life as it comes and making the best with what we have." Howard, Dr. Jennifer. "What is Personal Development." Dealing With Your Job Loss
Notably, it may help avert runaway inflation, which negatively affects almost everyone in the affected economy and has serious long-term economic costs
However the historic assumption that full local employment must lead directly to local inflation has been attenuated, as recently expanded international trade has shown itself able to continue to supply low-priced goods even as local employment rates rise closer to full employment
The inflation-fighting benefits to the entire economy arising from a presumed optimum level of unemployment has been studied extensively. Before current levels of world trade were developed, unemployment was demonstrated to reduce inflation, following the Phillips curve, or to decelerate inflation, following the NAIRU/natural rate of unemployment theory.
since it is relatively easy to seek a new job without losing one’s current one. And when more jobs are available for fewer workers (lower unemployment), it may allow workers to find the jobs that better fit their tastes, talents, and needs.
As in the Marxian theory of unemployment, special interests may also benefit: some employers may expect that employees with no fear of losing their jobs will not work as hard, or will demand increased wages and benefit. According to this theory, unemployment may promote general labor productivity and profitability by increasing employers’ monopsony-like power (and profits).
Optimal unemployment has also been defended as an environmental tool to brake the constantly accelerated growth of the GDP to maintain levels sustainable in the context of resource constraints and environmental impacts. However the tool of denying jobs to willing workers seems a blunt instrument for conserving resources and the environment—it reduces the consumption of the unemployed across the board, and only in the short-term. Full employment of the unemployed workforce, all focused toward the goal of developing more environmentally efficient methods for production and consumption might provide a more significant and lasting cumulative environmental benefit and reduced resource consumption If so the future economy and workforce would benefit from the resultant structural increases in the sustainable level of GDP growth.
Some critics of the "culture of work" such as anarchist BobBlack see employment as overemphasized culturally in modern countries. Such critics often propose quitting jobs when possible, working less, reassessing the cost of living to this end, creation of jobs which are "fun" as opposed to "work," and creating cultural norms where work is seen as unhealthy. These people advocate an "anti-work" ethic for life
From a spiritual perspective Dr. Jennifer Howard believes there are may be benefits from unemployment. "The good news is that after the initial fear, we might find that the job loss is an opportunity for growing into something better suited for us and in turn help us feel more successful in our life. The important thing is to be kind to ourselves by eating and sleeping well, exercising, journaling and taking time to go inside ourselves to reflect on our various highly charged thoughts and feelings. Now that we have been given some time, we could take advantage of looking more closely at what is important to us. Remember, any difficulty can be taken as an opportunity for great healing. Part of being happy, productive and mature is by learning to take life as it comes and making the best with what we have." Howard, Dr. Jennifer. "What is Personal Development." Dealing With Your Job Loss
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